A Midsummer Night's Dream
William Shakespeare
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Character Analysis: Theseus
Theseus is the embodiment of law and rationality in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, as he is literally the Duke of Athens. He opens the play with a discussion about his love for Hippolyta and then proceeds to make some pretty big decisions about the love lives of his subjects (the four lovers).
Thus, right from the very first scene the audience is aware that a) Theseus is incredibly powerful, and b) love is the driving force of the play.
He is a rational man, making sure to exact the Athenian law when required, and reversing it when the lovers fix their problems on their own. He is also seen to be incredibly literal and logical, particularly in Act 5, when he is unable to believe in the lovers’ story – which he simply dismisses as simply fantasises caused by love.
A feminist reading of the play, however, adds another layer to Theseus’ character and suggests that he isn’t actually that great a man. Feminist literary criticism often tends to seek meaning pertaining to gender in texts and through this lens, we are able to see that Theseus’ actions are symbolic of the gender paradigms of Shakespeare’s time. I mean, while Theseus did give Hermia a compromise in Act 1 Scene 1 instead of allowing her father to literally kill her over a boyfriend, the choices he presents to her (either to become a virgin nun for the rest of her life or break up with her true love) aren’t all that fair either.
Beyond that, his relationship with his wife doesn’t sound too pleasant. He says that he “won” her through conquering her people, and then doing her “injuries.” The negative connotations of this word encourages the audience to perceive the relationship in a negative light too.
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A Midsummer Night's Dream
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The play opens with Theseus (the Duke of Athens) and Hippolyta (his Amazonian queen and bride-to-be) discussing their wedding, until Egeus drags in his daughter (Hermia), his daughter’s boyfriend (Lysander), and his preferred suitor for Hermia (Demetrius). Egeus demands that legal action is taken to force Hermia to either marry Demetrius or die. Theseus doesn’t like this plan (and obviously neither does Hermia) so he offers her a different choice – she can either marry Demetrius or become a nun and never date men again (which frankly isn’t much better). Hermia and Lysander decide to elope, but before they leave, Helena (Hermia’s best friend) interrupts them. She’s sad because – here comes the love triangle – she loves Demetrius but he loves Hermia. Hermia tells Helena of her plan to elope and then leaves. Helena decides to tell Demetrius of Hermia’s plan in the naive hope that it’ll make him so upset that he will turn to Helena.
The play sweeps across town to the Mechanicals, who have decided to stage a production of Pyramus and Thisby in the hope of performing at the royal wedding. The roles are assigned and they agree to meet in the woods to rehearse. Then we are introduced to Oberon and Titania, king and queen of the fairy world, fighting over the fact that Titania is caring for a little Indian boy. To get possession of the boy, Oberon enlists Puck, a sprite, to squeeze the juices of a special flower on Titania’s eyes, making her fall in love with the first person that she sees upon waking up. Oberon witnesses Helena’s desperation in her pursuit of Demetrius and when Puck returns, commands him to squeeze some juice on Demetrius so that he will love Helena. Lysander and Hermia enter the forest, and when they are sleeping, Puck mistakes them for Demetrius and Helena. Helena thinks Lysander’s newfound affection for her is a joke and runs off upset. But Puck’s mischief continues during the Mechanicals’ rehearsal, bestowing Bottom (the lead actor) with a donkey’s head. The Mechanicals freak out, leaving Bottom to stumble across the sleeping Titania – who has been affected by the love flower and thus wakes up and finds herself in love with an ass.
Puck puts the flower’s juices on Demetrius’ eyes and as Helena tries to flee from Lysander’s advances, she wakes Demetrius up. She is outraged by his behaviour and when Hermia rocks up, she is absolutely convinced that they are all playing a massive prank on her. Hermia realises that Lysander is now in love with Helena and chaos ensues. Finally, Puck intervenes, putting the potion on Lysanders’ eyes.
Oberon has gained possession of the Indian boy, so he orders Puck to reverse the effects of the flower. Theseus wakes the lovers up and now, Lysander loves Hermia and Demetrius loves Helena. Theseus decides to ignore Egeus’ demands and orders the two couples to get married on the same day as him. Bottom wakes up, thinking it was all a dream, and tells the Mechanicals that the play should go ahead. The Mechanicals proceed to perform a very amateur rendition of Pyramus and Thisby for the three couples. After the production finishes, the fairies run around the house and Puck delivers his famous closing lines, equating the play with just a dream...
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