Twelfth Night

William Shakespeare

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Maria is Olivia’s “gentlewoman” – basically a lady in waiting whose job is to keep Olivia company, attend to her needs, and help keep the household running.


As the only character that is both a member of the lower social classes and a woman, Maria resides in the intersection of two underprivileged groups and as such is an embodiment of the oppressed. However, she does not let this define her. In defiance of societally mandated gender stereotypes of women, she is intelligent and sexually empowered (see Act 1 Scene 3), and in contravention of the classist narrative her ability to convincingly impersonate the upper class (by forging a letter from Olivia) reinforces the idea that social rank is performative. Thus, Maria personifies an anti-establishment audacity.


This rebellious spirit is encouraged and enabled by Sir Toby because it aligns with his devil-may-care philosophy of debauchery and misrule. But what does she see in him? Maria shares witty banter with Sir Toby, showing that he shares her intelligence and sense of humour, and his respect for her (discussed above) despite her lowly position give her an outlet and a partner with which to fight the status quo, as personified by Malvolio.


Sir Toby gradually becomes more commanding of her, his last line to her being an instruction to “come by and by to my chamber,” and then Maria is never seen in the play again. We later learn that they got married, and so the return to order pushes the oppressed once again out of sight and mind. Thus in Maria’s triumph and fall of independence and agency, Shakespeare charts the triumph and fall of the play’s festive and rebellious spirit.

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Twelfth Night

Sample Essay

Count Orsino is infatuated with the Countess Olivia, who refuses his suit.    
 
Viola is washed ashore after a shipwreck, her twin brother presumed drowned. She disguises herself as a man in order to serve in Orsino’s court. As ‘Cesario’, Viola quickly gains favour and is sent by Orsino to woo Olivia on his behalf. Viola does so reluctantly, having fallen in love with Orsino herself.

Olivia then falls in love with ‘Cesario’, forming a classic love triangle. Viola’s twin brother, Sebastian, is alive! A Captain called Antonio rescued him from the shipwreck. Sebastion looks exactly like his sister, who he assumes has drowned. Antonio cannot walk openly as he is a wanted man, so they arrange to meet up later.


Olivia’s uncle Sir Toby Belch and the incompetent knight Sir Andrew Ague, a suitor to Olivia, spend their days in drunken rowdiness at her court, sometimes joined by Olivia’s gentlewoman Maria, to the disdain of the steward Malvolio. He rebukes all three for some late-night revelry. In revenge, Maria forges a letter which convinces Malvolio that Olivia loves him, and that he should carry out various ridiculous actions if he loves her in return.

Viola/Cesario is sent again to Olivia, where the Countess confesses her love. Upset that Olivia shows more favour to Cesario than to himself, Sir Andrew challenges Viola/Cesario to a duel. Antonio, mistaking Viola for her brother, steps in to fight on ‘Sebastian’s’ behalf. As he is dragged away by police, Antonio is upset that Viola does not recognise him. Viola begins to suspect that her brother is alive and leaves. Spurred on by Sir Toby, Sir Andrew follows to continue the fight.


Malvolio approaches Olivia, enacting the absurd instructions of Maria’s forged love-letter. Olivia assumes he has gone mad and leaves him with Maria and Sir Toby, who delight in pretending he is possessed by Satan, and lock him up.
Sir Andrew fights Sebastian, believing him to be Cesario, and Olivia rushes to intervene. She begs forgiveness from Sebastian, also taking him for Cesario, who is at once confused and delighted by her tenderness, and agrees to marry her.

Finally, Orsino decides to visit Olivia himself, with Cesario/Viola tagging along. When Olivia rejects him again Orsino threatens to kill Cesario, despite his own strong affections for the page, suspecting her to be in love with ‘him’. Dismayed at Viola/Cesario’s willingness to die for the Count, Olivia reveals that they are married, to Viola’s bafflement.
Sebastian enters. Everyone is amazed to see the identical Viola and Sebastion together, and they are overjoyed to have found one another. Orsino realises that Viola loves him, and agrees to marry her.
Malvolio arrives with the letter, which Olivia reveals was written by Maria (now married to Sir Toby), and he vows to be revenged.


The play is riddled with appearances from the fool Feste, who ends the play with a song about growing through life’s stages, the chaos of human experience, and the hope that the audience enjoyed the play.

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